"David Chaum’s eCash lineage predated Bitcoin, with blind-signature work in 1982 and operational digital-cash deployments in the 1990s."
Chaum's eCash history places blind signatures in 1982 and digital-cash implementations in the 1990s, well before Bitcoin. + Undated live David Chaum eCash history page; current-year convention applied as of October 3, 2026.
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