In the study's 2015 ownership data, BlackRock, Vanguard and State Street together constituted the largest shareholder in 438 of 500 S&P 500 firms, or roughly 88 percent.

Format Online paper / PDF

"In the study’s 2015 ownership data, BlackRock, Vanguard and State Street together constituted the largest shareholder in 438 of 500 S&P 500 firms, or roughly 88 percent."

The original study directly supports the section's ownership-concentration figure when it is dated to the study's dataset.

Source title Hidden power of the Big Three? Passive index funds, re-concentration of corporate ownership, and new financial risk

Source authors Jan Fichtner, Eelke M. Heemskerk and Javier Garcia-Bernardo

Source year 2017

Confidence high

Importance high