PART 3 - THE THIRD AXIS CHAPTER 16: CONNECTING THE SPECKLES Normalized Deviance

"Repeatedly tolerated exceptions can become accepted organizational practice through the normalization of deviance."

Vaughan's investigation of the Challenger disaster, originally published in 1996, explains how repeated anomalies and organizational routines gradually shifted NASA's standards of acceptable risk. Her concept of normalization of deviance supplies the central organizational mechanism behind the manuscript's warning about tolerating unreliable AI outputs.

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