"Software and AI systems are explicitly covered by the revised EU product liability framework, with liability assigned to legally responsible economic operators."
The European Commission explains that the revised Product Liability Directive covers software and AI systems and identifies manufacturers and other economic operators as potential liable parties. This supports the chapter's distinction between a machine producing an artifact and the human or corporate entities that carry legal responsibility. The source year is estimated from the directive's 2024 adoption because the live explanatory page displays no publication date.
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