Format Web Page "Sergey Lebedev moved to Moscow in 1950 to lead electronic-computer work at IPMaCE and developed BESM there in the early 1950s." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Dangers of Entrepreneurship Source title Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev. Russian Virtual Computer Museum Source authors Russian Virtual Computer Museum Source year 2002 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Web Page "Amsterdam’s Mathematisch Centrum built the ARRA computer in 1952 and became an important early centre of European computing research." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Dangers of Entrepreneurship Source title CWI history highlights Source authors CWI Source year 2026 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Web Page "Konrad Zuse completed the Z3 in Berlin in 1941, a machine regarded as the world’s first fully functional programmable computer." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Dangers of Entrepreneurship Source title Konrad Zuse - TU Berlin Source authors TU Berlin Source year 2026 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Web Page "Cambridge’s EDSAC entered operation in May 1949 as a pioneering practical stored-program computer." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Dangers of Entrepreneurship Source title Blue Plaque for EDSAC: Cambridge University's pioneering computer Source authors University of Cambridge Source year 2026 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Web Page "Zurich was an early European computing centre, with ETH installing the Zuse Z4 in 1950 and offering continental Europe’s first university programming exercises on a computer in 1952." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Dangers of Entrepreneurship Source title History of the Department – Department of Computer Science | ETH Zurich Source authors ETH Zurich Source year 2026 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Online paper / PDF "Project Cybersyn used British management cybernetics under Stafford Beer to help manage Chile’s nationalised industrial sector." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Across the Pond Source title Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile Source authors Eden Medina Source year 2006 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Web Page "Chinese red-hacker groups emerged in the late 1990s and mixed technical experimentation with nationalism and geopolitical activism." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Across the Pond Source title Before Vegas: The “Red Hackers” Who Shaped China’s Cyber Ecosystem Source authors Eugenio Benincasa Source year 2025 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Web Page "China’s CANET academic networking project was launched in 1986, followed by an international email connection in 1987." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Across the Pond Source title Evolution of Internet in China Source authors CERNET Source year 2001 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Book / Offline paper "Soviet cybernetics developed into a substantial scientific and social movement involving computer simulation, economics and scientific reform." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Across the Pond Source title From Newspeak to Cyberspeak Source authors Slava Gerovitch Source year 2002 Confidence high Importance mid
Format Web Page "IIT Kanpur began computer-science education in 1963 using an IBM 1620 and describes itself as the first Indian institute to start computer-science education." View Source Location PART 2 - FOUR HIDDEN CHIMNEYS CHAPTER 6: SCAFFOLDING FOR INFLUENCE Across the Pond Source title CSE - IIT Kanpur Source authors Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Source year 2026 Confidence high Importance mid
